Across-sectional study on the use of antibiotics at TTH in the Northern region of Ghana was performed. Data were collected by reviewing 10% of patients’ files from January to June 2015 and then assessed for its appropriateness against the criteria based on the British National Formulary (BNF) 2015 and BNF children 2013-2014. BackgroundBioluminescent imaging (BLI) is based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene. Stable transfection of luciferase in cancer cells and their inoculation into permissive animals allows the noninvasive monitorization of tumor progression inside internal organs. We have applied this technology for the development of a SLCGData Management Department. All patient infor-mation required was included in a Remote Data Capture system (RDC)/Case Report Form (CRF). Statistical analysis A total of approximately 156 patients were included from several Spanish sites. The observation period was from August 2016 and December 2018. The following descriptive statistics Facilitatescross-organizational communication and cooperation. Safety Risk Management (SRM) — Determines the need for, and adequacy of, new or revised risk controls based on the assessment of acceptable risk. A formal process within the SMS composed of: Describing the system. Identifying the hazards. TheSMS consists of four basic components, which are essential for a safety-oriented management system. This manual describes how the corporate processes are structured to ensure compliance with SMS requirements. School program SMS documentation includes safety management processes specific to their program, in accordance with this document and Vay Tiền Online Chuyển Khoản Ngay. Achieving world-class status in safety isn’t just about an injury rate below a certain threshold. At DEKRA, we believe how that number is achieved should be regarded higher than achieving a number. A low injury rate is one outcome that results from creating the conditions that qualify an organization for world-class status. And in our view, organizations don’t lose that distinction if they suffer a one-time catastrophic safety white paper will focus on the four Pillars of World-class safety as identified by researchers and experts at DEKRA and will help leaders answer the question of "What is world-class safety?"In our complimentary white paper we explore the Four Pillars of World Class Safety1. People – a deep personal commitment to eliminating all harm to Focus on Exposure Control – a relentless focus on the exposures that contribute to Resource and Systems Alignment – providing adequate resources and supportive systems to meet organizational Embracing Change – a recognition that science, technology and generational change are inevitable and positive. The Five Pillars of a Highly Effective Safety Management Process The five pillars will support continued excellence in operations as well as provide a framework for achieving excellence in workforce safety. Most businesses face the possibility of worker accidents and potential injuries. In all likelihood, they have a safety department or an assigned person to oversee and manage such possible outcomes. Traditionally, the management of safety involved complied with the company safety program. The bulk of the program pretty much regurgitated the safety standards as promulgated by the relevant State or Federal jurisdiction. Some organizations may add additional requirements to this program based on specific risks, past experience or other relevant considerations. There were two significant pieces of governmental legislation which impacted the approach to occupational accidents and the associated attention to and management of worker injuries. The first was the enactment of workers compensation legislation by various states starting in 1911, with the last one adopting it in 1948. This brought about some level of improvement in worker safety, but the need for greater uniformity throughout the country as well as further reduction in accidents lead to the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act by the Federal Government in 1970. Traditional Safety Management With the passage of the workers compensation legislation, worker accidents and the resulting injuries had financial consequences for their employers. This created the need to understand why workers were getting injured on the job, so as to allow management to intervene in order to reduce the number of accidents and therefore control their related costs. The industry got its answer when H. Heinrich proposed the domino theory of accident causation. The theory proposed that injuries resulted from a number of interrelated and preceding factors. Heinrich proposed that injuries were the result of a series of events that happened in sequence, and the removal of any one of the preceding events would stop the injury from occurring. He proposed five elements to this series. An occupational example The first event would be the worker engaging in his task driving nails The worker swings the hammer But the worker makes an error and misses the nail The worker then hits his other hand The worker smashes his fingers causing an injury Since just about every accident occurs due to some unsafe act on the part of workers, supervisors and management tried to find reason for this. These could be attributed to factors such as This article originally appeared in the January/February 2021 issue of Occupational Health & Safety. Industrial Hygiene Product Showcase Moldex Airwave Disposable Respirators Say hello to the N95 mask that is so comfortable and easy breathing, it can positively impact worker productivity and happiness on the job. 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Read Now OSHA Findings at Wisconsin Dollar Tree Result in Proposed Penalties of $98K Obstructed exit routes and aisles were found at the location, the agency said. Read Now If there’s one takeaway for new professionals in aviation safety management, it’s that aviation risk management is a process. It is not a single, solid “thing.” This process is cyclical and can be identified by several stages that form a systematic approach to safety risk management, including Establishing acceptable levels of safety, including defining likelihood and severity; Hazard identification, including identification of risks, hazard mechanisms, and other safety weaknesses; Evaluation of safety behavior, bureaucracy, and other factors that influence safety; Creation of control measures designed to mitigate the likelihood and impact of hazards and risk consequences; Implementation of risk controls into the existing safety management system; Monitoring the operating environment and efficacy of risk controls; and Communicating risk to employees and stakeholders. Related Aviation Risk Management Articles Difference between Reactive, Predictive and Proactive Risk Management in Aviation SMS What Is the Process of Risk Management in Aviation SMS 3 Main Components of Aviation Risk Management Other resources online will usually identify anywhere from three to five stages in the risk management process, but we have identified seven stages in order to close the feedback loop with Monitoring and Awareness. Risk Management and Hazard Identification Hazard identification in the safety risk management process requires several things Awareness of operational processes, relevant safety data, techniques, and strategies; Thorough risk analysis activities and documentation of hazards, risk consequences, and mitigation strategies risk controls; and Ability to spot threats in the operational environment identify, and then document any new hazards. Hazard and risk awareness are inspired in several different ways Industry experience; Experience in a particular location/environment, such as long-term employment with the same company; Through safety promotion, such as safety newsletters, lessons learned library, safety meetings, and so on; and Probably most obviously, from aviation safety training. Hazard identification is the end product of safety awareness, and should result in enhanced safety hazard reporting activities. Hazard reporting is an essential bridge between Safety Risk Management and Safety Assurance. When hazards are being reported, it's a good indication that they have been properly identified and employees are aware of them. Hazard identification can occur in two components of the aviation SMS Safety risk management SRM during proactive hazard identification activities; and Safety assurance SA monitoring activities. Aviation SMS' risk management processes are iterative in nature. Most existing operators have processes and workflows to deliver products and services to their clients. Documented processes provide management the assurances that the company can repeatedly deliver its products and/or services in a safe efficient manner. In an aviation SMS, these documented processes live in the SRM component. Most operators will have a hazard register that lists out operational hazards; associated risk consequences should a hazard manifest itself; and risk controls to correct, prevent or detect developing hazards. Hazard registers may also contain relevant review documentation, such as who owns the associated process? when was the hazard last evaluated? what reported safety issues and audit findings are related to each hazard? Hazard registers are commonly managed in either spreadsheets very small operators or unsophisticated SMS data management strategies; or SMS databases. In the early years of SMS implementations, operators will commonly store their list of hazards in a spreadsheet. The problem the spreadsheet presents is that it is disconnected from the SMS risk management system. Operators that use an integrated SMS database can manage their all SMS activities within one system. A simple way of considering these integrated SMS databases to manage hazards is to think of A system of related data management systems. Related Aviation SMS Data Management Articles 5 Most Important Things to Know before Buying Aviation SMS Database 3 Benefits of Aviation Safety Management System SMS Databases 5 Things Spreadsheets Can’t Do for Your SMS Aviation SMS Is Also a System of Related Systems Safety professionals recognize that an SMS implementation covers a wide range of activities that can be grouped under the four pillars Safety policy; Safety risk management; Safety assurance; and Safety promotion. All four components are essential to an effective, compliant aviation SMS. For example, employees are encouraged to monitor the "operational systems" and report potential hazards using the "safety reporting system." Both safety reporting and auditing are part of the safety assurance SA component. Employees' submitted safety reports and audit findings enter the SMS "risk management system" where risk analysis is performed and affected systems' designs are reviewed. Subject matter experts and process owners review affected systems' designs in the safety risk management SRM component. Before employees report safety issues, they need training on what sort of anomalies to be aware of. Employees need training and a continual reminder to remain alert for potential safety concerns. Safety training and increasing employee awareness are managed in the "safety promotion" component. Finally, to encourage safety reporting activities, employees need some assurances and protections against management reprisals for self-reporting. Who is responsible for reporting safety issues? Who is responsible for managing the reported safety issues? These SMS elements are managed under the safety policy component. As we can see from a very simple example, all four components are related and are important for an organization to successfully practice safety risk management processes. Determining Acceptable Level of Risk An essential part of hazard identification is the risk analysis where subject matter experts and safety professionals Evaluate the adequacy of existing controls for reducing the likelihood of hazard expression or subsequent accident; Evaluate existing conditions of the company, such as safety culture, behaviors, Norms, quality of documentation and analysis, etc.; Determine overall exposure based on severity and likelihood; and Assess the risk of hazard expression or accident/incident. Evaluation and risk assessment of safety issues involves Determining the future likelihood of the issue having negative consequences; The potential severity of likely negative consequences; Traditionally, risk assessments are performed on the risk of a hazard - the likelihood of a risk occurring, and the severity of damages from the risk. However, many oversight agencies tend to be open to performing risk assessments on the likelihood and relative danger level of hazard expression dangerous condition, which allows organizations to control danger at an earlier stage in the flow of safety events and mitigate danger at root causes/hazard mechanisms. In general, this is a very proactive practice, but you just need to make sure you can explain and justify any risk assessment. Aviation service providers usually don't receive findings for the "correctness" of their actions, but rather their inability to show their processes, explain their processes, or document relevant information. Related Aviation Risk Management Articles What Are Important Factors of Aviation Risk Management Process 8 Stages of Safety Events in Aviation Risk Management Process How to Document Your System Processes in Aviation SMS Safety Risk Management and Developing Risk Controls Risk controls are your aviation SMS' front line of defense against hazard occurrence and accidents. An essential part of the SRM process is developing risk controls where needed. By "where needed" we mean Existing risk controls don't bring the condition to an acceptable level of safety inadequacy, drift; No risk control exists for a condition non-existence; or New hazards or risks are introduced by a risk control substitute risk. In either of the above scenarios, risk controls will need to be Created; Analyzed; and Implemented. Controls are generally implemented through the management of change process or issue management process, depending on the nature and scope of the new/updated control. Safety Risk Management Processes Never Stop Through the safety risk management process, there is a trend toward ever-occurring continuous improvement of the operator's system and operational processes. As time passes and hazards have been mitigated, the system will naturally improve. Yet there will never become a time where the operator enjoys complete safety unless they cease operations. The "aviation system" is an open system and the operating environment always changes. Risk will never be completely mitigated in an open system. The continual treatment of safety concerns as they arise will afford the best risk management solution that we can develop at this point of our existence. This is the reason we have required aviation SMS implementations operators would not seek out and adopt effective risk management processes without government intervention. Related Aviation SMS Implementation Articles Why Should We Implement Aviation SMS? SMS First Steps - How to Create an SMS Implementation Plan Implementing Aviation SMS for Small Providers Final Thought Risk Management Self Evaluation Evaluating your own processes in the risk management process is vital. It’s important to pay attention to things like How efficient are your risk management tools? How in-depth is your safety data – how complex are your metrics? How straightforward are your bureaucratic processes could a stranger easily understand your processes? The SRM process is what you do to Identify hazards; Assess risk; Identify risks scenarios risk consequences; and Manage risk controls. All of your risk management activities will be revolving around these concepts as you design new systems or monitor existing operational processes. These workflows and guides for safety performance may provide very useful in honing your risk management processes. Last updated in September 2022. Topics 2-Safety Risk Management Four Pillars or Components Make a Tough Topic More Digestible When the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO required a formal safety management system SMS implementation by aviation service providers in 2006, they didn't simply pass a ruling. ICAO offered guidance material for SMS implementation in Document 9859, now in the third edition. All aviation safety management professionals should read Document 9859 at least once. It is surprisingly easy to read. The best part about this "Safety Management Manual" is that the authors took a very broad and complex topic and broke it down into four components or pillars of an SMS. These four pillars were then broken up into twelve elements. In this blog article, we'll review the four pillars and most of their elements. We'll also sprinkle in some free downloads, such as templates and checklists, to help new safety managers. ICAO's Four Pillars of Safety Management Systems I have yet to see a civil aviation authority NOT regurgitate ICAO's four components. After all, why re-invent the wheel. I have seen some very good interpretations of the four pillars by Australian CAA among the best, but changes frequently; FAA and MITRE; Transport Canada; and South Africa CAA not always a reliable connection. Let's cut to the chase. I'm suspecting that ninety percent of those reading this article are familiar with the four pillars. So what are the four pillars of an SMS? Safety Policy; Risk Management; Safety Assurance; and Safety Promotion. Let's dig into each of these components and describe their respective elements. Pillar 1 Safety Policy and Objectives 1 Management commitment and responsibility. The commitment of the senior management to safety is reflected in a policy statement, which is signed by the Accountable Executive. Free resources to download CEO Commitment to Safety Templates; Safety Policy Templates. 2 Safety accountabilities A statement of accountabilities clearly defines the safety responsibilities of managers and employees at different levels in the organization, with an effective deputation of responsibilities established for operationally critical areas when principal office holders are absent. No resources yet for download. 3 Coordination of emergency response planning Service providers implement an Emergency Response Program ERP that includes contingency plans to ensure proper response throughout the organization when an emergency situation arises. This may not necessarily involve an actual aircraft accident but should include a business continuity contingency plan. 4 SMS Documentation Safety management activities must be documented appropriately and be available to all employees. Free resources to download MITRE SMS Manual Template; BIAL SMS Manual as a Template. Pillar 2 Safety Risk Management SRM 5 Hazard identification The airline must maintain processes that ensure that operational hazards are identified for all operational activities. Hazard identification is typically based on a combination of reactive, proactive, and predictive safety management methods. Free resources to download Risk Management Processes 6 Risk assessment and mitigation Individual hazards are analyzed; their consequences are assessed and communicated throughout the organization. Mitigation actions must be developed for those hazards presenting unacceptable operational risk. Pillar 3 Safety Assurance 7 Safety performance monitoring and measurement Safety assurance activities focus on assessing the health of the organization, with an emphasis on safety. Specific goals for improvements in all areas should be set for all senior operational managers. Safety assurance should include monitoring of external sources of safety information and include participation in regional safety groups or safety data sharing organizations. 8 Management of Change External or internal changes may introduce new hazards to operational activities. Processes must exist to manage organizational responses to regulatory changes, major changes in operational procedures, or new activities such as new airport destinations. Safety reporting systems should have processes established to identify new risks and actively monitor performance in new areas of the operation. Free resources to download Management of Change Template 9 Continuous improvement of the SMS program Safety assurance utilizes quality tools such as internal evaluations or independent audits to assess organizational health from a safety perspective. Onsite assessments of operational management systems on a recurring basis provide opportunities for continuous improvement of processes and procedures for each functional area of the airline. Pillar 4 Safety Promotion 10 Training and education Operators must identify safety training requirements for each level of management and each employee group. Safety training for operational personnel should address safety responsibilities, including complying with all operating and safety procedures, recognizing and reporting hazards, and ultimately ensuring that employees have the knowledge and skills to safely complete work activities. 11 Safety communication Communication of safety information is a key responsibility of the Safety Manager. Continuous improvement and learning are accomplished through the sharing of lessons learned from investigations, hazard report analysis, and operational safety assessments. Feedback to operational personnel, such as examples of procedural improvements as a result of safety reports, is an essential feature of safety communications. Related 4 Pillars Articles Who Started Four Pillars of Safety Management in Aviation Which of the Four Pillars of SMS Carries the Most Weight? History of Aviation SMS Programs and Four Pillars - with Free Tools Final Thoughts on Four Pillars of Safety Management Systems By now, you can see how the SMS guidelines are more manageable by breaking them down into the four pillars or components Safety Policy; Risk Management; Safety Assurance; and Safety Promotion. From our experience, most safety managers focus on risk management and safety assurance. They neglect Safety Policy and Safety Promotion. Safety managers are not the only people in the industry who overlook these two pillars. When your safety program has matured and become more sophisticated, you should ensure you spend adequate time on Safety Policy and Safety Promotion components. Furthermore, if you ever purchase aviation SMS software to help you manage the SMS data, ensure that your aviation SMS software covers all four pillars. After all, when you purchase an aircraft, what good is only half an aircraft? Get an aviation SMS solution that covers all four pillars. Have you just started implementing your SMS? Do you need an SMS manual? SMS Pro comes with an SMS manual template to jump start your SMS. Your SMS' success increases with user-friendly, aviation-centric database software. Last updated March 2023 Topics Aviation SMS Implementation Nov 09, 2022 The aviation industry is highly regulated, for reasons that are likely obvious when you are sending metal tubes into the sky full of people, a good overview of all safety policies and procedures is crucial. The International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO is a United Nations specialized agency established in 1944 to manage the planning and development of international air transport, including safety standards. As part of this task, the organization requires member states to make it mandatory for aviation companies to implement safety management systems that comply with ICAO standards. One aspect of this is the four pillars or components of an effective safety management system Policy and Objectives Safety Risk Management Safety Assurance Safety Promotion. These pillars allow senior management and those in charge of safety to plan and implement a safety program that’s effective, comprehensive, and life-saving. For that reason, these pillars of safety management systems can and should be applied to other industries—including the construction industry, which presents numerous dangers. Here’s how the four pillars, or SMS components, can be applied in construction. Safety Policy and Objectives This first pillar forms the base of an effective safety management system and consists of documentation that lays out the intention of the SMS and the company’s commitment to upholding it. There are four main elements The management commitment A statement of commitment by the company management to providing the necessary resources, following procedures for reporting incidents, and supplying information to employees where needed. This is agreed to and signed by a responsible executive. Safety accountabilities A document that clearly lays out and defines the responsibilities of various managers and employees at different levels. This should include the appointment of key safety personnel. Coordination of emergency response planning. SMS documentation. All safety activities should be recorded, and the information made available to employees. While this pillar includes a lot of paperwork and administration, it’s hugely important as it lays a foundation for the more practical aspects. It’s part of the planning process and should ensure the buy-in of management and employees alike—as well as compliance with local or national regulating bodies. All of this is very important in the highly-regulated construction industry, where a strong top-down culture of safety is critical to a safe site. Safety Risk Management A crucial step to safety is identifying risks to equip those in charge to head off incidents before they happen. This applies not just in aviation but in just about any industry—even an office undergoes risk management to reduce any health and safety risks such as tripping and RSI to an acceptable level. Of course, in an industry like construction which includes some very dangerous roles, safety risk management is essential. The process starts with hazard identification. On a construction site, this is a tall order! Knowing the hazards, however, is the only way to pre-emptively make things safe for workers—otherwise, safety measures would only be implemented after an accident or near-miss situation. Things to consider in a construction setting include machinery, heights, ladders and scaffolding, vehicles, electricity, flammable materials, and exposure to heat and cold… the list is almost endless and will depend on the site and project. Hazards can be assessed according to the severity and plans to mitigate risk made around these and incorporated into the SMS program. Above all, this pillar is about taking a proactive approach to safety. That’s something that can save lives on a construction site just as much as it can in aviation. Safety Assurance This pillar is about evaluation—it ensures that the safety management system is constantly being evaluated and adapted to new challenges. The system should be continuously assessed, situational changes addressed, and improvements made according to feedback or audits. These internal evaluation processes are particularly important on a construction site, where things change and develop as the project progresses. The feedback from workers on the ground is invaluable to a safety management plan, and with good safety management software that allows digital form submission, like Safety Evolution's digital safety forms, it’s easy to collect and collate the necessary information. Safety assurance also means staying on top of new safety recommendations and regulations from any governing bodies. A safety management plan should include how the organization will respond to these. Safety Promotion Here’s where a concept we have talked about extensively regarding construction safety comes into play safety culture. This means effective safety communication of all relevant matters to all levels of management and employees, including any changes like the ones mentioned above. This is a two-way street—workers are expected to engage with all safety procedures, encourage others to do so, and provide feedback to management whenever they come across an issue. On a construction site, toolbox talks are a big part of this pillar. When done properly and in an engaging manner, they are a fantastic venue to pass details both ways and keep everyone informed. Another major part of the safety promotion pillar is safety training and education, a very important undertaking in construction. With a tool like the employee training matrix, safety managers can ensure that workers are achieving and maintaining the necessary or recommended certifications. Training and education are one of the best investments an employer can make in their employees. When it comes to construction safety, training courses can not only upskill people but save lives, too. Continuous improvement of safety practices is best done through a focus on training and education. Safety Evolution's built-in Learning Management System allows you to upload, build, assign and track employee orientations and training courses. Beyond Aviation Safety The Four Pillars For A Safe Construction Site While traditionally the four pillars of safety are for aviation service providers, they make a fantastic foundation for safety management in any industry where health and safety is of a particularly large concern—like construction. They lay a solid blueprint for organizational structure and supporting documentation, hazard identification and risk assessment, continuous assessment and improvement of safety practices, and a safety culture that includes plenty of training and a free flow of information between all levels of a company. Safety Evolution's comprehensive safety management software can work as a tool to implement the SMS framework on a construction site and attain safety goals without an overwhelming amount of paperwork and administration. It saves time and frees up workers to focus on real safety. STOP WASTING TIME FILING PAPER FORMS - HAVE OUR TEAM DIGITIZE YOUR FORMS FOR FREE. Sign up to receive our weekly newsletter with helpful safety content below!

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